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The Sociography of an Unemployed Community
Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel
"One of the main theses of the Marienthal study was that prolonged unemployment leads to a state of apathy in which the victims do not utilize any longer even the few opportunities left to them. The vicious cycle between reduced opportunities and reduced level of aspiration has remained the focus of all subsequent discussions." So begin the opening remarks to the English-language edition of what has become a major classic in the literature of social stratification.
質的分析法―社会学論集
- ワイマールからヒトラーへ 第二次大戦前のドイツの労働者とホワイトカラー
- エーリッヒ・フロム/〔著〕 ≪再検索≫
- 佐野哲郎,佐野五郎/訳 ≪再検索≫
- 紀伊國屋書店 1991.2
- 20cm 441p
- 361.85
- 労働者-ドイツ-歴史-1918~1933 ≪再検索≫
- ドイツ-歴史-1918~1933 ≪再検索≫
- 3-0190374469
- Arbeiter und Angestellte am Vorabend des Dritten Reiches./の翻訳
- 当時の左翼主義者はナチズムの勝利を阻止しうるような性格構造をもっていなかった…。アンケート調査から50年を経て初めて公にされた、フロムの手になる貴重なドキュメント。
- 批評理論と経験主義的社会調査;ワイマールからヒトラーへ(目的と方法;回答者の社会的、政治約状況;政治的・社会的・文化的態度;パーソナリティ類型と政治的態度);追補(文体とパーソナリティ特性;アンケート;文献抄録;編集者注;表目次)
- 参考文献:p430-438
- 4314005254
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/07/09/who-really-stands-to-win-from-universal-basic-income
What Happens When Jobs Are Guaranteed?
In a small Austrian village, an experimental program finds—or creates—work for the unemployed.
In 1931, three researchers from the University of Vienna travelled to Marienthal, a small town about twenty miles away, to study the effects of long-term unemployment. Two years before, Austria's banking system had collapsed. The town's main employer, a textile factory, had closed, laying off hundreds of workers.
The researchers found that Marienthal had been transformed by these economic ravages. "When a cat or dog disappears, the owner no longer bothers to report the loss; he knows that someone must have eaten the animal, and he does not want to find out who," they wrote. People consumed mainly bread and coffee, the latter "stretched" with roasted figs or chicory to last longer; cabbage and potatoes vanished regularly from farmers' fields. The town's wrestling team, accustomed to success, could no longer field a heavyweight. Beyond material deprivations lay apathy and despair. A once regular reader of the newspaper explained that "now I just flip through it and then throw it away, even though I have more time." After applying for a hundred and thirty jobs with no success, another man spent half his days in bed. Political meetings shrank, fewer books were checked out from the library, and domestic quarrels and alcoholism shadowed marriages. Even children felt hopeless: "I want to be a pilot, a submarine captain, an Indian chief, and a mechanic," one twelve-year-old boy wrote in a school essay. "But I am afraid it will be very difficult to find a job."
The trio's study was published in 1933, as "Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal" ("The Unemployed of Marienthal"). The booklet, which became an early classic of sociology, showed that employment provides much more than an income. Work is a source of structure, esteem, and motivation, and its disappearance can lead to depression, anxiety, addiction, and interpersonal turmoil. (It's estimated that as many as one in five suicides can be linked to joblessness.) As Hitler's power grew, the yearnings for activity, structure, and community articulated by the unemployed in the Marienthal study came to seem newly ominous. "On a large scale it is quite probable that part of the success of the early Hitler movement came about because large numbers of unemployed were taken into barracks and kept busy with paramilitary training," one of the sociologists wrote, in a foreword to the American edition.
Marienthal still exists, although, over the course of the twentieth century, it came to be subsumed by a neighboring village called Gramatneusiedl. In the fall of 2020, the Austrian government's public-employment agency decided to launch a job-guarantee program there—an initiative that would guarantee work to the unemployed. Anyone who has been jobless for a year or more now has the option of a guaranteed job for the duration of the program. In some cases, it's a subsidized private-sector position; in others, a nonprofit works with participants to create a job that meets local needs. The original study wanted to learn how unemployment affected people. The current experiment, which is run by the Public Employment Service of Lower Austria, and is being studied by economists at Oxford and sociologists at the University of Vienna, asks the opposite question: What happens when anyone who wants a decent job can get one?
I arrived in Gramatneusiedl on a warm July morning, in 2021. My interpreter, Helma Kinzl, couldn't believe she was really there—in Austria, "Gramatneusiedl" is sometimes used as an expression for a small town in the middle of nowhere. Looking around, I could see why. About three thousand people live in the village, which is bisected by a single quiet road, with a church, a café, and a handful of small shops and restaurants. Many shop windows were shuttered. Flat farmland stretched away in every direction.
So far, a hundred and twelve people have used the Job Guarantee, as the program is known, to find work; at least fifty more are expected to do so before 2024, when the program is scheduled to end. Participants complete an eight-week training course, then receive a job offer; they're free to decline it without losing their unemployment benefits, but so far everyone who's been offered a job has chosen to work. This is likely because participants discuss their skills and interests with social workers during the training period. Early on, a few proposed starting a carpentry workshop, and it now restores old furniture and builds new pieces; others have asked for jobs maintaining public parks and local green areas, and are now being paid to do so. People work between sixteen and thirty-eight hours a week, depending on their goals, medical needs, and caretaking obligations. Salaries, which typically range between eleven hundred and twenty-four hundred euros a month, are set so that everyone earns at least as much as they previously received in unemployment benefits. A year on unemployment—including payments, subsidies, and lost taxes—costs the Austrian government an average of thirty thousand euros. Each guaranteed job costs an average of €29,841.39.
The Job Guarantee is headquartered in a mansion where the owner of Marienthal's now demolished textile factory once lived; a single smokestack looms behind the mansion. When I arrived, about a dozen people were clustered on the building's front steps, drinking coffee and chatting before work. Inside, on the first floor, a group sat at tables covered with fabrics, bags, and sewing machines. This was a weaving workshop. A blond woman in her fifties worked on animal-themed children's backpacks, adorned with pink-and-white elephant ears or a blue dragon's tail.
"Kids like them," she said. She showed off a handbag made from old pairs of bluejeans. Most of the material the workshop used had been donated or scrounged from secondhand-clothing shops; the bags were sold at a market in town.
The carpentry studio was situated in a high-ceilinged warehouse about a hundred yards from the mansion. The carpenters, men and women ranging from their twenties to their fifties, wore protective goggles, overalls, and work shirts; they were preparing to sand and refinish dozens of collapsible wooden benches, which had just been dropped off by the local fire brigade. (It rents them out for parties, baptisms, and other events.) Orders like this generate money for the program: about five per cent of its €7.4 million budget comes from these community sales. Much of the furniture that the group restores is donated. Ancient, battered storage chests, cupboards, and headboards, as well as a collapsed early-twentieth-century hay wagon, littered the space. The restored pieces would be displayed for sale in town, in the window of a shoe-repair shop that had recently closed.
Karl Blaha, a fiftysomething cobbler who'd once run the shoe shop, gave me a tour of the space the next day. The words "Schuhe Blaha" loomed above the storefront in blocky white letters; the interior was dim and musty. Pincers, awls, shoe molds, and scraps of leather cluttered a back room. "This is where we used to work," Blaha said, with a sigh. Slender and silver-haired, he worked thirty hours a week in the Job Guarantee program, both in the carpentry studio and as a German teacher for participants who were still learning the language. "Nobody wanted their shoes repaired anymore, when they could just buy a cheap new pair like that," he said, miming the clicking of a mouse. The shop had operated for more than a hundred years, including during the original Marienthal study, but closed in 2019.
That afternoon, at a shady table outside the old mansion, I had coffee with Monika, a fifty-seven-year-old participant in Job Guarantee. Like many others in the program, Monika hadn't struggled to find work until her life underwent a sudden, dramatic change: eleven years earlier, she'd been working as an aide to the elderly when a man collapsed onto her as she was helping him from his wheelchair into the shower; her back was badly injured, and her doctor told her that she could not lift more than five kilograms. She applied to positions, but her age and medical limitations made finding a new job hard. She got one offer, but it would have required her to move to Germany, and her elderly parents live in Gramatneusiedl. "It's more important to be able to look after my parents than to go to Germany," she said.
Other participants had experienced something similar. Adnan Rizvanovic, a Bosnian man in his early sixties who now works as a gardener for the program, had once driven trucks and taxis and held a job in logistics. Pay for drivers plummeted after Uber and its local Austrian competitors entered the taxi market; after two heart attacks, Rizvanovic decided that he'd better stay off the road, lest he have another and crash. "I was psychologically destroyed," he told me, of being suddenly unemployed. "If you have worked your whole life, even with a lot of stress, then suddenly you have nothing to do, you think that you are not needed anymore," he said. "You have your breakfast, and then—what am I going to do all day?" He applied to dozens of jobs without success and began to lose hope. "At this age, after two heart attacks, it's impossible," he said. "Once they hear a certain age, it's no way." He began staying up all night, binge-watching basketball games. His daughter got him a dog so that he would leave the house more often.
Through the Job Guarantee, Rizvanovic worked twenty hours a week doing light gardening. "It's nice. It's slow. You have time to think when you water the flowers. It's like meditation," he said, gesturing at the plants around us. He was sleeping better and watching less TV. He enjoyed seeing other people at work every day, and could take breaks whenever he was getting tired—something that his cardiologist says is important. Before the war in Bosnia forced him to leave for Austria, in the nineteen-nineties, he studied philosophy and law at university. "When I'm watering the flowers, I think about Sigmund Freud and Immanuel Kant and everybody," he told me, with a wistful look.
Not every participant sees the program as a decisive improvement over unemployment benefits. A man named Gilbert—bearish, heavily tattooed, and fifty-two—told me that he had worked for decades as a technician installing and maintaining elevators before injuring his back and knee in a skiing accident. He'd enjoyed his time on unemployment, which he'd spent travelling to the Dominican Republic, riding around Austria with his motorcycle club, and fighting in raucous freestyle forest brawls that set fans of rival soccer teams against one another, before sealing the peace over beer. He wouldn't have minded a few more years of that life, he said; still, he worked thirty hours a week in the carpentry workshop, earning a little more than two thousand euros a month. "I just want to work something for the next eight years," he said—until he can take his pension. "If I earn my eighteen hundred or nineteen hundred, I'll do anything—unless I really, really don't like it."
Critics of labor-market programs such as the Job Guarantee argue that they enable precisely this sort of choice—they make it easier to decline work that one doesn't like. One program participant in his thirties told me that, while on unemployment benefits, he'd been offered a job cleaning toilets at a gas station; he'd decided that he didn't want "that sort of job," and had instead found work in the carpentry workshop. If everyone were guaranteed a reasonably pleasant job, suited to their interests and needs and paying a living wage, who would do the grungy, difficult work? Austrian employers, like those in America, are currently having difficulty hiring people to take hard, poorly paid jobs; many of the workers in Austria who wash dishes or clean hotel rooms are immigrants from Eastern Europe, and during the pandemic many of them went home, some for good. Jörg Flecker, a sociologist at the University of Vienna who is evaluating the program in Gramatneusiedl, told me that pressure from employers could prevent its expansion across Austria. "Employers say, 'There are so many unemployed. We have to have a tougher regime for them because we have jobs to fill.' "
Lukas Lehner and Maximilian Kasy, economists at Oxford who are evaluating data from Gramatneusiedl, argue that competition with the private sector is a good thing. "I think, from an economic perspective, that argument doesn't make much sense," Kasy said, of the dirty-jobs view. "If they're shit jobs, try to pay them as well as possible. Try to change the working conditions as much as possible until you reach the point that somebody wants to do them, or automate them if you can. And then, if nobody wants to do them, maybe we shouldn't do them." Kasy thinks that an important function of initiatives like job guarantees—and of universal basic incomes—is to improve the bargaining positions of people who want to change their lives. "Whether it's abuse from an employment relationship, a bureaucrat in the welfare state, or a romantic relationship, the question is, What's your outside option?" he said. "Having the safety of the basic income or a guaranteed job improves your outside option. If your boss is abusive, or doesn't respect your hours, or is harassing you or whatever, you have the option to say no."
I met Denise Berger in Gramatneusiedl, and she said she had faced exactly this sort of situation. For years, she'd been sexually abused by her stepfather; the psychological effects caused her to struggle in her job at a pastry shop. She lost her position, but was unable to move out of her parents' home. Through the Job Guarantee, she worked twenty hours a week cleaning at a kindergarten, and she could afford her own small apartment, where she lived with her two dogs. Her brothers, she said, had been harshly critical of her inability to find a job: "You're stupid, you're kind of a bad person, you don't have a job, so you're good for nothing," she recalled them saying. That changed during the pandemic, when two of them also lost work. Nothing challenges stereotypes about the unemployed, she told me, like becoming one of them.
Unemployment in Austria, as in many Western countries, has been rising gradually for decades. In 2021, the official figure was eight per cent. This likely understates the real number of unemployed people; as in the United States, Austria's official statistics don't account for those who have simply stopped looking for work. Unwanted joblessness is fairly common. And yet the stigma faced by the long-term unemployed is powerful. Flecker, the sociologist, has noticed that Job Guarantee participants are often eager to show that they're not typical unemployed people. "They say, 'Oh, well, I'm not like the others. I have a special role here,' " he told me. Many of the participants I spoke with noted that they were in the group who wanted to work, whereas some others in the program were, as they put it, lazy free riders.
On my last day in Gramatneusiedl, I had coffee with Thomas Schwab, its mayor, at the Job Guarantee headquarters. An older man who speaks with a cautious, professorial air, Schwab wrote his master's thesis on the original Marienthal study; he sees the current project against this historical background. "Maybe you know about Adam Smith, and these guys who say that the market is always right," he said. "If you don't find a job, then just work for less money. But that's completely wrong! If I have no jobs in my company, there can be a thousand people outside, and they could say, like in the nineteen-thirties, 'I will work just for something to eat.' Did they find a job? They didn't find a job, because nobody had a job to offer."
Sven Hergovich, the regional director of the Public Employment Service of Lower Austria, essentially agrees with this analysis. He thinks that rising demands for productivity and efficiency mean that, now and in the future, not everyone will be able to find a job without support. "There are not sufficient jobs available for all of the long-term unemployed," he told me. "In fact, we have only two options. Either we finance long-term unemployment, or we create a job guarantee."
Ultimately, the perceived success of any job-guarantee program depends on what you think its goals should be. Kasy, the Oxford economist, thinks that there are three factors we ought to consider. Are people doing better on objective and subjective measures of well-being? Do they participate voluntarily? And does the program cost roughly the same as, or less than, current unemployment benefits? He and his colleagues studied the Gramatneusiedl program using a randomized controlled trial, in which waves of participants who started at different times were compared against one another, against a statistical composite of similar unemployed people from similar towns in Austria that lack a job guarantee, and against other factors. So far, on a broad range of dimensions—symptoms of anxiety or depression, a sense of social inclusion, social status, financial security, and so on—the improvements in participants' lives are statistically significant. Kasy noted that the Job Guarantee costs no more per person than unemployment benefits. "It comes for free, people choose it voluntarily, and they feel like they're better off—you would think that's a slam dunk," he said.
If the aim of job-guarantee programs is to transition all participants to private-sector jobs, or to dramatically cut unemployment spending, they may be hard to defend. But, if the goals are to improve people's physical and mental health, to perform a range of tasks in a community, and to move some participants back to the private sector, then prospects look more promising. Since my visit to Gramatneusiedl, many of the participants have transitioned out of the program to other jobs. Karl Blaha, of the shoe emporium, is now a facility manager for a private logistics and transport company. Gilbert, of the forest brawls, is a restaurant manager.
And there are other, broader ways in which such programs can benefit society. Unemployment and despair are hardly the only causes of political extremism, but scholars have perceived a connection between these factors in multiple places and time periods. Before leaving Gramatneusiedl, I visited its historical museum, a quiet one-room building just off the main road. Inside, photographs from the early twentieth century showed musicians with fiddles and accordions, villagers picnicking in a garden with top hats and glasses of wine, and rows of young men in wrestling uniforms, crossing burly arms. By the early nineteen-thirties, however, the mood had shifted. Men lounged on a street corner, hands in pockets, gazes downcast; workers took sledgehammers to the old factory, destroying the place where they used to work. Within a few more years, a burst of activity again animated the town. Nazism had arrived. Pictures showed a parade, banners, bustling crowds—and, draped across the lectern of a man addressing the villagers, a swastika. ♦
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Arbeitslosen_von_Marienthal
マリエンタールの失業者
マリエンタールの失業者。長期失業の影響に関する社会学的実験(1933年)は、経験的社会学の古典の一つである失業の結果に関するマリー・ヤホダ、ポール・フェリックス・ラザルスフェルト、ハンス・ザイゼルによる研究のタイトルです。この研究は、失業の社会心理学的影響を示し、長期的な失業はしばしば想定されているように反乱につながるのではなく、受動的な辞任の孤独につながることを明らかにした。
調査
今日、マリー・ジャホダとポール・ラザールスフェルド周辺の合計15の研究チームによって実施されたプロジェクトは、経験的な社会研究の発展におけるマイルストーンと見なされ(参加観察、フィールドリサーチを参照)、定量的、定性的、発見および収集されたデータと組み合わせた理論形成の代表的な例として考えられています。これらの概念がマリエンタールの失業者の仕事よりも若いとしても、これらの方法の基礎は社会学という用語でここに設定されています。
マリエンタール労働者入植地は、ウィーン近郊のグラマトヌエッシェドルにあります。自治体が設立された1929年からの工場の閉鎖は、失業手当が以前の収入のわずか4分の1に過ぎなかったため、1931年頃の大恐慌の間に失業と貧困が急激に増加しました。クラブ、公園、劇場、図書館などの社会施設はもはや使用されませんでした。失業が特定する唯一の方法となった。辞任したコミュニティが出現した。[1] 当時オーストリア社会民主主義の有力者であるオットー・バウアーは、ラザルスフェルトとツァイゼルがこのトピックに関する研究を実施し、マリエンタールの場所にも名付けることを提案しました。
マリエンタールの人々にアクセスするために、この研究の著者は、政治的および社会的グループや団体との接触を求めただけでなく、衣類コレクション、医療相談、教育相談、体操、ドローイングコースも実施しました。目的は、研究プロジェクトに人々を引き付けることでした。同時に、これらの各手段(今日の観点から倫理的に問題のある営業時間を含む)は、参加観察を通じてマリエンタール人口に関する情報を得るのにも役立ちました。
マリエンタールの各家族のために、衣類収集のために訪問中のアパートの適切または無秩序な状態から、教育相談中に議論されたこと、医師の訪問、または「労働者の家」での観察まで、さまざまな観察とインタビューが記録されたカダストララルシートが作成されました。約30件の詳細なインタビューが行われ、時間管理に関するいくつかのジャーナルが作成され、食品リストが作成されました。公式統計も使用された。ロッテ・シェンク=ダンジンガーがこの作品で大きな役割を果たした。2] しかし、個人的および政治的な性質の緊張が明らかに作業チームで発生したため、ダンジンガーは出版物の共著者とはみなされませんでした。[3]
この研究の公表された結果は、すぐに雇用の見通しなしに、当時の失業手当の形で生活の広範かつ詳細な概要を提供します。特に、失業による絶望のために時間予算がどのように変化しているかをたどっています。タスクが実際に実行できる場合、それはまだ取り残されます。時間管理、固定グリッド、日常的な構造はありません。
2001年以来、マリー・ジャホダを記念する記念プラークが元アルベイターヴォーンハウスハウプトシュトラーセ52で読んでいます:「科学者として、私たちはマリエンタールの地に入りました:私たちはそのような実験の悲劇的な機会がすぐに私たちの時代から奪われる1つの願いを彼に残しました。」これは、マリエンタールの失業者研究の最後の文です。[1]
研究の影響
研究プロセスのそれぞれの状態(観察、構造化された観察プロトコル、予算調査、アンケート、時間使用シート、インタビュー、議論、同時支援)によって決定される社会研究の定性的と定量的方法の組み合わせにより、1933年に最初に出版されたこの作品は、ドイツ語圏での受け入れが数年または数十年後。繊維産業の衰退を特徴とするマリエンタールの小さな町の例を使用して、オーストリアの研究社会学者のグループは、この形式、精度と深さで初めて仕事の社会心理的必要性と失業の影響を実証しました。調査の主な結果は、失業が以前予想していたように、抵抗的で積極的な革命につながるのではなく、むしろ孤立と受動的な辞任につながることを示した。
しかし、マリエンタールの失業者は、多くの例で示された緻密な経験的記述であるだけでなく、内部的に途切れない、辞任、絶望的で無視された無関心の4つの態度タイプに関する社会理論的な刺激的な仕事です。これにより、最初のタイプだけがまだ「将来の計画と希望」を知っていました。決定的な次元は、「将来の計画と希望のために」、すなわち人間の設計能力の基本的な次元を失わないために保存し、開発する能力であることが判明しました:可能な開発の期待。
マリー・ジャホダによって書かれた研究報告書は、1950年代にラザールスフェルトによって書かれた「序文」によって本版(1975年)で補完され、この研究は当時の社会学と現代の潮流との関係に分類され、初版のために書かれた社会学の歴史に関するザイゼルの方法論付録が出版されています。
研究の著者によると、17日にウィーンで21日のマリー・ジャホダ通りのヘルナルス地区フロリドルフ地区ダイ・ラザールスフェルトガッセと22日ドナウシュタット地区はシェンク・ダンジンガー・ガッセと名付けた。
映画化
- 当分の間、それは正午、カリン・ブランダウアーによるマリエンタール研究に関する重要なオーストリアのテレビ映画(最初の放送1)になります。1988年5月、ORF)。
- ギュンター・ケンドルストーファー:マリエンタールの失業者、1933年の社会研究。オーストリア2009年、そして3sat。
オーディオ
- マリエンタール - 村が覚えている。In: Ö1プログラムメモ、1981年。
- マリエンタール再訪。Ö1ラジオカレッジパート1,2,3、2008年。
- マーレン・フェルチャー:マリエンタールの失業者 - 画期的な社会研究。(mp3オーディオ;21.7 MB;23:28分)で:バイエルン2プログラム「radioWissen」。14。2021年10月。
テキスト出力
- マリエンタールの失業者。長期失業の影響に関する社会学的実験。ヒルツェル、ライプツィヒ1933年。最初の新版:アレンスバッハ1960;シュールカンプ、フランクフルト・アム・マイン1975年、ISBN3-518-10769-0による本として出版
文献
- リチャード・アルブレヒト:将来の展望:失業 - 主題と実際の分析、in:フォーラム・ウィッセンシャフト24(2007)、1、p。61-63([1])
- ラインハルト・ミュラー:マリエンタール。村 - 失業者 - 研究。StudienVerlag Innsbruck-Wien-Bozen 2008、ISBN 978-3-7065-4347-7
劇場
- ウルフ・シュミット:マリエンタール・アナグマ。著者賞4。ハイデルベルガー・シュテュッケマルクト([2])の2014年5月。25。2015年9月、フォルカー・レーシュの指示の下、ウィーンのフォルクスシアターで世界初演。全文([3]。
ウェブリンク
- ラインハルト・ミュラー:マリエンタールの失業者。グラーツ大学オーストリア社会学史アーカイブ、2010年。
- 写真
- 「そこの失業者のせいだ」In: albanknecht.de. 2011 (today Marienthal (Gramatneusiedl))。
- 前者の今後の終わり。マリエンタールのTheresienmühle。In: initiative-denkmalschutz.at.21.2008年5月(労働者の住居(旧Theresienmühle)解体直前)。
項目参照
- ↑a b アンナ・エリザベート・メイヤー:誰がバターを持っているか:マリエンタールに戻る。In: 日記番号。2021年2月、p。35〜40。
- クリスチャン・フレック:マリエンタールの記憶:会話中のガートルード・ワグナー。ウィーン、24。1984年2月、21日に回収。2021年10月(werk=uni-graz.atで複製)。
- マリー・ジャホダ、ポール・フェリックス・ラザールスフェルド、ハンス・ツァイゼル:マリエンタールの失業者。長期失業の影響に関する社会学的実験。ヒルツェル、ライプツィヒ1933年。(最初の新版:アレンスバッハ1960;シュールカンプ、フランクフルト・アム・マイン1975年、ISBN3-518-10769-0によって本として出版されました。)
Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal
Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal. Ein soziographischer Versuch über die Wirkungen langandauernder Arbeitslosigkeit (1933) ist der Titel einer Untersuchung von Marie Jahoda, Paul Felix Lazarsfeld und Hans Zeisel zu den Folgen von Arbeitslosigkeit, die zu den Klassikern der empirischen Soziologie gehört. Die Studie zeigte die sozio-psychologischen Wirkungen von Arbeitslosigkeit auf und machte deutlich, dass Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit nicht – wie vielfach angenommen – zu Revolte, sondern zu Einsamkeit passiver Resignation führt.
Die Untersuchung
Heute gilt das von einem insgesamt fünfzehnköpfigen Forschungsteam rund um Marie Jahoda und Paul Lazarsfeld ausgeführte Projekt als Meilenstein in der Entwicklung der empirischen Sozialforschung (vgl. auch: Teilnehmende Beobachtung, Feldforschung) und als Musterbeispiel der Theoriebildung in Kombination von quantitativen, qualitativen, vorgefundenen und erhobenen Daten. Auch wenn diese Konzepte jünger sind als die Arbeit über die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal, wurden hier – unter dem Begriff Soziographie – Grundsteine für diese Methoden gesetzt.
Die Arbeitersiedlung Marienthal liegt in Gramatneusiedl, einem Ort in der Nähe Wiens. Die Schließung einer Fabrik ab 1929, nach deren Inbetriebnahme die Gemeinde gegründet worden war, führte während der Weltwirtschaftskrise um 1931 zu einer jäh anwachsenden Arbeitslosigkeit und Verelendung, da die Arbeitslosenunterstützung nur ein Viertel des bisherigen Einkommens betrug. Die sozialen Einrichtungen wie Vereine, Parks, Theater, Bibliothek wurden nicht mehr genutzt. Die Arbeitslosigkeit wurde zur einzigen Identifikationsmöglichkeit. Es entstand eine resignierte Gemeinschaft.[1] Otto Bauer, der damals führende Mann der österreichischen Sozialdemokratie, schlug Lazarsfeld und Zeisel vor, eine Studie über dieses Thema durchzuführen und nannte auch den Ort Marienthal.
Um Zugang zu den Menschen in Marienthal zu gewinnen, haben die Autoren dieser Studie nicht nur Kontakt zu politischen und gesellschaftlichen Gruppen und Vereinen gesucht, sondern auch Kleidersammlungen, ärztliche Sprechstunden, Erziehungsberatungen, Turn- und Zeichenkurse durchgeführt. Ziel war es, die Menschen für das Forschungsprojekt zu gewinnen. Zugleich diente jedes dieser Mittel (inkl. der aus heutiger Perspektive ethisch problematischen Sprechstunden) auch dazu, durch teilnehmende Beobachtung Informationen über die Marienthaler Bevölkerung zu erlangen.
Für jede Familie in Marienthal wurden Katasterblätter angelegt, auf denen die verschiedenen Beobachtungen und Interviews festgehalten wurden, vom ordentlichen oder ungeordneten Zustand der Wohnung beim Besuch wegen der Kleidersammlung bis hin zu Dingen, die bei der Erziehungsberatung, beim Arztbesuch oder bei der Beobachtung im „Arbeiterheim“ besprochen wurden. Es wurden etwa dreißig ausführliche Interviews geführt, einige Journale über die Zeiteinteilung angefertigt und Essenslisten erstellt. Die amtliche Statistik wurde ebenfalls herangezogen. Lotte Schenk-Danzinger hatte großen Anteil an diesen Arbeiten.[2] In dem Arbeitsteam sind aber offenbar Spannungen persönlicher und politischer Art aufgetreten, sodass Danzinger in der Publikation nicht als Co-Autorin berücksichtigt wurde.[3]
Das veröffentlichte Ergebnis der Studie gibt einen breiten und tiefgehenden Überblick in das Leben mit der damaligen Form von Arbeitslosenunterstützung, ohne baldige Aussicht auf Beschäftigung. Insbesondere wird nachgezeichnet, wie sich aufgrund der Hoffnungslosigkeit durch die Arbeitslosigkeit das Zeitbudget verändert. Wenn eigentlich eine Aufgabe zu erfüllen wäre, wird sie trotzdem liegen gelassen. Es fehlt die Zeiteinteilung, das feste Raster, eine Tagesstruktur.
An dem ehemaligen Arbeiterwohnhaus Hauptstraße 52 ist seit 2001 auf einer Gedenktafel zur Erinnerung an Marie Jahoda zu lesen: „Wir haben als Wissenschaftler den Boden Marienthals betreten: wir haben ihn verlassen mit dem einen Wunsch, dass die tragische Chance solchen Experiments bald von unserer Zeit genommen werde.“ Es ist der letzte Satz aus der Studie Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal.[1]
Auswirkungen der Studie
Durch eine vom jeweiligen Stand des Forschungsprozesses bestimmte Kombination qualitativer mit quantitativen Methoden der Sozialforschung (Beobachtung, Strukturierte Beobachtungsprotokolle, Haushaltserhebungen, Fragebögen, Zeitverwendungsbögen, Interviews, Gespräche und gleichzeitige Hilfestellungen) ist diese 1933 erstveröffentlichte Arbeit methodisch richtungsweisend – auch wenn ihre Rezeption im deutschsprachigen Raum erst Jahre bzw. Jahrzehnte später erfolgte. Die Gruppe österreichischer Forschungssoziologen wies am Beispiel der von der niedergegangenen Textilindustrie geprägten Kleinstadt Marienthal in einer Feldforschung erstmals in dieser Form, Präzision und Tiefe die sozio-psychologische Notwendigkeit von Arbeitund die Auswirkungen von Arbeitslosigkeit nach. Die Untersuchung zeigte im Hauptergebnis, dass Arbeitslosigkeit nicht, wie bis dahin meist erwartet, zur widerständigen, aktiven Revolution führt, sondern vielmehr zu Vereinsamung und passiver Resignation.
Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal ist aber nicht nur eine mit vielen Beispielen illustrierte, dichte empirische Beschreibung, sondern auch eine sozialtheoretisch anregende Arbeit mit Blick auf die vier Haltungstypen der auch innerlich Ungebrochenen, der Resignierten, der Verzweifelten und der verwahrlost Apathischen – wobei lediglich der erste Typus noch „Pläne und Hoffnungen für die Zukunft“ kannte, während die Resignation, Verzweiflung und Apathie der drei anderen Typen „zum Verzicht auf eine Zukunft führte, die nicht einmal mehr in der Phantasie als Plan eine Rolle spielt“. Als entscheidende Dimension erwies sich die Fähigkeit, „für die Zukunft Pläne und Hoffnungen“ bewahren und entwickeln zu können, also eine grundlegende Dimension humanen Gestaltungsvermögens nicht zu verlieren: die Antizipation möglicher Entwicklungen.
Der von Marie Jahoda geschriebene Forschungsbericht wird in der Buchausgabe (1975) durch ein in den 1950er Jahren geschriebenes „Vorswort“ von Lazarsfeld ergänzt, in dem die Studie in ihrem Verhältnis zu damaligen und zeitgenössischen Strömungen der Soziologie eingeordnet, und der für die Bucherstausgabe geschriebene methodischen Anhang von Zeisel zur Geschichte der Soziografie veröffentlicht wird.
Nach den Autoren der Studie sind in Wien im 17. Bezirk Hernals die Marie-Jahoda-Gasse, im 21. Bezirk Floridsdorf die Lazarsfeldgasse und im 22. Bezirk Donaustadt die Schenk-Danzinger-Gasse benannt.
Verfilmung
- Einstweilen wird es Mittag ist ein bedeutender österreichischer Fernsehfilm über die Marienthalstudie von Karin Brandauer(Erstsendung 1. Mai 1988 im ORF).
- Günter Kaindlstorfer: Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal, Die Sozialstudie von 1933. Österreich 2009, und auf 3sat.
Audio
- Marienthal – eine Ortschaft erinnert sich. In: Ö1-Sendung „Memo“, 1981.
- Marienthal Revisited. Ö1-Radiokolleg Teil 1,2,3, 2008.
- Marlen Fercher: Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal – Eine bahnbrechende Sozialstudie. (mp3-Audio; 21,7 MB; 23:28 Minuten) In: Bayern-2-Sendung „radioWissen“. 14. Oktober 2021.
Textausgabe
- Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal. Ein soziographischer Versuch über die Wirkungen langandauernder Arbeitslosigkeit. Hirzel, Leipzig 1933. Erste Neuauflage: Allensbach 1960; als Buch erschienen im Verlag Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1975, ISBN 3-518-10769-0
Literatur
- Richard Albrecht: Zukunftsperspektiven: Arbeitslosigkeit – Subjekt- und Realanalyse, in: Forum Wissenschaft 24 (2007), 1, S. 61–63 ([1])
- Reinhard Müller: Marienthal. Das Dorf – Die Arbeitslosen – Die Studie.StudienVerlag Innsbruck-Wien-Bozen 2008, ISBN 978-3-7065-4347-7
Theater
- Ulf Schmidt: Der Marienthaler Dachs. AutorenPreis 4. Mai 2014 des Heidelberger Stückemarktes ([2]); 25. September 2015 Uraufführung am Volkstheater Wien unter der Regie von Volker Lösch; ganzer Text unter ([3].
Weblinks
- Reinhard Müller: Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal. Archiv für die Geschichte der Soziologie in Österreich an der Universität Graz, 2010.
- Fotos
- „Die san wegen der Arbeitslosen da“. In: albanknecht.de. 2011 (heutiges Marienthal (Gramatneusiedl)).
- Bevorstehendes Ende der ehem. Theresienmühle in Marienthal. In: initiative-denkmalschutz.at. 21. Mai 2008 (Arbeiterwohnhaus (ehem. Theresienmühle) kurz vor dem Abriss).
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ a b Anna-Elisabeth Mayer: Wer die Butter hat: Rückkehr nach Marienthal. In: Tagebuch Nr. 2/2021, S. 35–40.
- Christian Fleck: Erinnerungen an Marienthal: Gertrude Wagner im Gespräch. Wien, 24. Februar 1984, abgerufen am 21. Oktober 2021(wiedergegeben auf werk=uni-graz.at).
- Marie Jahoda, Paul Felix Lazarsfeld, Hans Zeisel: Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal. Ein soziographischer Versuch über die Wirkungen langandauernder Arbeitslosigkeit. Hirzel, Leipzig 1933. (Erste Neuauflage: Allensbach 1960; als Buch erschienen im Verlag Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1975, ISBN 3-518-10769-0.)
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