https://freeassociations2020.blogspot.com/2026/06/blog-post_826.html @
https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/102781832752441205/6695407120530723099
http://yojiseki.exblog.jp/6431576/
サルトルとプルードン:資料
『プルードン研究』(岩波書店)でも引用されていましたが、サルトルのプルードンへの言及をあらためて引用したいと思います。
ドゥルーズが晩年、サルトルを再評価していたのもうなづけます。
以下引用です。
「マルキシスムもまた競争相手の理論を吸収し、消化して、開かれたままでいなければならなかったにちがいない。ところが人も知るように実際につくり出されたのは、百の理論の代りに二つの革命的イデオロジーにすぎなかった。ブルードン主義者は、一八七〇年以前の労働者インターナショナルでは多数を占めていたが、パリ・コンミューンの失敗によっておしつぶされた。マルキシスムは敵対者に打勝ったが、その勝利は、マルキシスムがのり越えながらそのなかに含んでいたヘーゲル的否定の力によるものではなく、純粋に単純に二律背反の一方の項を押えた外力によるものであった。その光栄のない勝利がマルキシスムにとってどういう代価を意味したかは、何度いってもいい過ぎない。すなわち矛盾する相手が欠けたときに、マルキシスムは生命を失った。もしマルキシスムが最もよい状態にあり、絶えず戦い、征服するために自己を変革し、敵の武器を奪って己れのものにしていたとすれば、それは精神そのものとなっていたであろう。しかし、作家貴族がマルキシスムから千里もはなれたところで抽象的な精神性の番人になっている間に、マルキシスムは教会になったのである。」
サルトル『文学とは何か』第三章「誰ために書くか」(『シチュアシオン2』人文書院p141.加藤周一訳)より
日本の言説界に関して、多少厳しいことを言うなら、僕自身参加したNAMなども閉じられたマルクス主義の延命装置といった側面がありました(柄谷さんのプルードン再評価に誰もついていけなかった)。
集合力理論の素朴な力強さを痛感する昨今ですから、今からでもプルードン再評価が必要だと考えています。
http://yojiseki.exblog.jp/6431576/
Sartre and Proudhon: Reference Materials
As cited in *Studies on Proudhon* (Iwanami Shoten), I would like to quote Sartre’s remarks on Proudhon once again.
It is understandable why Deleuze reevaluated Sartre in his later years.
The following is the quote:
“Marxism, too, must surely have had to absorb and digest competing theories while remaining open. Yet, as everyone knows, what was actually produced were not a hundred theories, but merely two revolutionary ideologies. The Proudhonists, who had constituted the majority in the Workers’ International prior to 1870, were crushed by the failure of the Paris Commune. Marxism defeated its adversaries, but this victory was not due to the power of Hegelian negation—which Marxism had overcome while incorporating it—but rather to an external force that simply suppressed one term of the contradiction. It cannot be emphasized enough what a price this inglorious victory exacted from Marxism. Namely, when its contradictory opponent was absent, Marxism lost its vitality. “If Marxism had been in its best state, constantly transforming itself to fight and conquer, seizing the enemy’s weapons and making them its own, it would have become the Spirit itself. But while the literary aristocracy, a thousand miles removed from Marxism, served as guardians of abstract spirituality, Marxism became a church.”
From Sartre, *What Is Literature?*, Chapter 3, “For Whom Do We Write?” (*Situation 2*, Jinbun Shoin, p. 141; translated by Shuichi Kato)
If I may speak somewhat harshly about the Japanese intellectual sphere, even NAM, in which I myself participated, had aspects of a life-support system for a closed-off Marxism (no one could keep up with Mr. Karatani’s reevaluation of Proudhon).
Given that I have recently come to keenly appreciate the naive power of the theory of collective force, I believe a reevaluation of Proudhon is necessary even now.
Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
cf:
"What is Literature?" and Other Essays
著者: Jean-Paul Sartre
https://books.google.co.jp/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ja&id=SUTeD7u18lsC&q=Proudhon#v=onepage&q&f=false
before 1870, the Prudhonians in the majority in the International, then crushed by the defeat of the Commune; Marxism triumphing over its adversary not by the power of the Hegelian negation which preserves while it surpasses, but because external forces pure and simple suppressed one of the forms of the antinomy.
132 | What Is Literature?
Without doubt, Marxism would have triumphed, but it would have been coloured with a thousand nuances; it would have had to absorb rival doctrines, digest them, and remain open. We know what happened; two revolutionary ideologies instead of a hundred: before 1870, the Prudhonians in the majority in the International, then crushed by the defeat of the Commune; Marxism triumphing over its adversary not by the power of the Hegelian negation which preserves while it surpasses, but because external forces pure and simple suppressed one of the forms of the antinomy. It would take a long time to tell all that this triumph without glory has cost Marxism; for want of con-tradiction, it has lost life. Had it been the better, constantly combated, transforming itself in order to win, stealing its enemies' arms, it might have been identified with mind; alone, it became the Church, while the gentlemen-writers, a thousand miles away, made themselves guardians of an abstract spirituality.
Will anyone doubt that I am aware how incomplete and debatable these analyses are? Exceptions abound, and I know them, but it would take a big book to go into them.
I have touched only the high spots. But above all, one should understand the spirit in which I have undertaken this work. If one were to see in it an attempt, even superficial, at sociological explanation, it would lose all significance. Just as for Spinoza, the idea of a line segment rotating about one of its extremities remains abstract and false if one considers it outside the synthetic, concrete, and bounded idea of circumference which contains, completes, and justifies it, likewise here, the considerations remain arbitrary if they are not replaced in the perspective of a work of art, that is, of a free and unconditioned appeal to a freedom. One cannot write without a public and without a myth-without a certain public which historical circumstances have made, without a certain myth of literature which depends to a very great extent upon the demand of this public. In a word, the author is in a situation, like all other men. But his writings, like every human project, simultaneously enclose, specify,
132 | 文学とは何か?
疑いなく、マルクス主義は勝利を収めただろう。しかし、その勝利は千のニュアンスに彩られたものとなり、対立する諸学説を取り込み、消化し、かつ開放性を保たねばならなかったはずだ。実際に何が起きたかは周知の通りである。百の革命的イデオロギーではなく、二つのイデオロギーが残った――1870年以前、国際労働者協会で多数派を占めていたプルードン派は、コミューンの敗北によって打ち砕かれたのである。マルクス主義が敵対思想に勝利したのは、超越しつつも保存するヘーゲル的否定の力によるのではなく、純粋に外的な力が、対立項の一つを押しつぶしたからに過ぎない。この「栄光なき勝利」がマルクス主義にどれほどの代償を強いたかを語り尽くすには長い時間がかかるだろう。矛盾の欠如ゆえに、マルクス主義は活力を失ってしまったのだ。もしも、絶えず闘い、勝利するために自らを変容させ、敵の武器を奪い取るような、より優れたマルクス主義であったなら、それは精神そのものと同一視されたかもしれない。しかし、孤立したまま、それは教会となり、一方、千マイルも離れた場所にいる紳士作家たちは、抽象的な精神性の守護者となった。
これらの分析がいかに不完全で議論の余地があるか、私が認識していることを疑う者はいるだろうか?例外は数多くあり、私もそれを承知しているが、それらを論じるには大著が必要となるだろう。
私は主要な点にのみ触れたに過ぎない。しかし何よりも、私がこの作業に取り組んだ精神を理解していただきたい。もしこれを、たとえ表面的なものであれ、社会学的説明の試みと見なすならば、それはあらゆる意義を失うだろう。スピノザにとって、直線の概念が
DeepL.com(無料版)で翻訳しました。
cf:
"What is Literature?" and Other Essays
著者: Jean-Paul Sartre
https://books.google.co.jp/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ja&id=SUTeD7u18lsC&q=Proudhon#v=onepage&q&f=false
before 1870, the Prudhonians in the majority in the International, then crushed by the defeat of the Commune; Marxism triumphing over its adversary not by the power of the Hegelian negation which preserves while it surpasses, but because external forces pure and simple suppressed one of the forms of the antinomy.
cf:
"What is Literature?" and Other Essays
著者: Jean-Paul Sartre
https://books.google.co.jp/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ja&id=SUTeD7u18lsC&q=Proudhon#v=onepage&q&f=false
…before 1870, the Prudhonians in the majority in the International, then crushed by the defeat of the Commune; Marxism triumphing over its adversary …because external forces pure and simple suppressed one of the forms of the antinomy.
https://x.com/yojisekimoto/status/2066847766006173798?s=61